A.J. is a 16-year old who has just started soccer practice at school.

J.T. suffers from an irregular heart beat called atrial fibrillation.

J.F., a 15-year-old boy who weighs 110 pounds, is seeking treatment for a very itchy rash consisting of linear streaks of papules, vesicles, and blisters on his arms, legs, and face.

M.B. is a 42-year-old diabetic woman who presents with thickened, yellow toenails that are painful when she wears dress shoes.

B.H. is a 72-year-old man who presents for evaluation of several painful red bumps on his left side.

M.R. is a 66-year-old woman with diabetes mellitus.

P.B. is a 58-year-old woman with a history of hypertension.

J.S., age 16, comes to your office for a routine physical examination

V.S., age 12, presents with a feeling that there is sand in his eye.

C.J., age 17, is on his high school swim team.

R.S., a 65-year-old black man, was referred to the hypertension clinic for evaluation of high BP noted on his initial screening

M.T., 75 year-old, white 60-kg IBW woman with serum creatinine of 1.8 mg/dL, has atrial fibrillation.

J.J., age 55 white male, has come in for his annual physical

E.H. is a 45-year-old African American man who recently moved to the community from another state.

I.W., aged 62, is a male who is new to your practice

H.T. is a 66-year-old-man with HFrEF (NYHA class III) who presents to the emergency department with shortness of breath and palpitations.

J.M. is a 45-year-old female with past medical history of controlled hypertension, controlled asthma, and eczema.

S.C. is a 21-year-old college student. She presents with intermittent wheezing

M.V. is a 53-year-old accountant who smoked a pack of cigarettes a day for 30 years.

G.G., a 59-year-old male, presents to the clinic with complaints of cough, shortness of breath, and increased sputum production.

S.B. is a 57-year-old African American man with newly diagnosed late-stage small cell lung cancer.

J.G. is a 42-year-old white man presenting with a 2-month history of intermittent midepigastric pain.

A.C. is a 60-year-old Caucasian woman with newly diagnosed peptic ulcer disease, generalized anxiety disorder, and iron deficiency anemia.

C.J is a 71-year-old woman who presents for follow-up. She complains of hard, dry stools over the past week.

B.F., age 28, presents with diarrhea and abdominal pain

J.S., a 65-year-old woman with diabetes, seeks treatment for dysuria, frequent urination, flank pain, and costovertebral angle tenderness

M.P., age 45, presents with urinary symptomatology.

C.J. is a 55-year-old postmenopausal woman presenting with a 2-year history of incontinence.

J.R. is a 36-year-old white, middle-class woman who has been sexually active with one partner for the past 2 years.

G.P., a 66-year-old, right-handed white man, seeks treatment for swelling and decreased range of motion in the right knee.

J.W., a 46-year-old African American woman, presents to your office with the chief complaint of bilateral stiffness of the shoulders, hands, and wrists in the morning.

J.J., age 24, presents to your practice for the first time. She reports with constant headaches.

B.C., age 23, visits your office with her boyfriend who states that she hasn't been herself the last month, she has constant headaches and is completely confused and tired for no reason.

M.T. is an 18-month-old, 20-kg male who presents to the emergency department in status epilepticus, which has continued for approximately 20 minutes.

L.B. is a 55-year-old white female who presents to her family physician's office for a yearly routine physical

L.P., age 23, is a white woman who graduated from college last year.

S.H., age 47, reports difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep.

S.B., age 8, is always interrupting his teacher, jumping out of his seat in class, fidgeting relentlessly, and butting into other children's games.

M.W. is a 70-year-old white woman with a medical history of hypertension, osteoarthritis, atrial fibrillation, and total hysterectomy who lives by herself in a two-story row home.

M.P. is a 66-year-old man with past medical history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia presenting to the clinic describing problems with balance and gait that have worsened in the past few months.

R.S. is a 55-year-old moderately obese Hispanic woman (body mass index is 29).

M.E., is a 29-year-old woman with a 7-month history of heavy, irregular menses, aa 5-lb weight gain, constipation, and decreased energy.

G.B., an 18-year-old African American female college student, presents with a chief complaint of fits of sneezing (sometimes 10 in a row); a runny, itchy, stuffy nose; and red, tearing eyes.

A.P. is a 36-year-old woman who has diagnosed with HIV infection 2 weeks ago at a community outreach clinic.

K.F. is a 23-year-old female with a history of acne and bipolar disorder.

D.G. is a 74-year-old woman who arrives at the emergency room complaining of shortness of breath, palpitations (for 2 days), and lower extremity edema.

M.W. is a 69-year-old African American man and was referred to clinic for evaluation of increasing shortness of breath.

B.E. is a 58-year-old female with no food or drug allergies.

A.P., a 55-year-olf white man, has been smoking 1 pack of cigarettes per day for the last 38 years.

A.P. is a 34-year-old woman who comes into your clinic looking for a medication to help her lose weight.

J.L., a 27-year-old account executive, presents to the family medicine office for her annual checkup with her primary care provider.

E.P., a 51-year-old Asian woman who is 68 inches tall and weights 130 pounds, presents complaining of amenorrhea for the past 8 months.

J.S., a 72-year-old woman of Asian descent, has just transferred to your practice. She had a hysterectomy 8 years ago and has not been on hormone replacement therapy.

R.S. is a 32-year-old-woman who seeks treatment for a vaginal discharge that she has had for the past month.

R.S. is an 85-year old female who has congestive heart failure.

J.T. is a 65-year-old male admitted to the hospital with history of chronic cancer pain using Morphine SR 60 mg PO q8h.

M.T., a 62-year-old woman, is started on linezolid for MRSA vertebral osteomyelitis.

L.L. is a 67-year-old male who has been diagnosed with BPH.

Theophylline has an average clearance of 2.8 L/hr and volume of distribution of 35 L. The therapeutic window is known to be between 10 mg/L and 20 mg/L. Theophylline can be administered as a constant rate infusion.

A drug (400 mg) is given as a multiple-dose oral treatment. The drug is completely absorbed. The clearance is 20 L/hr and the volume of distribution is 50 L. The absorption rate constant is 2.5 hr-1.

Compare the following two pharmacokinetic profiles: Case A: A hepatically cleared high-extraction drug (400 mg) is given as an oral tablet. The absorption is very rapid and approximates a bolus input.

Phenytoin is a drug with nonlinear pharmacokinetics which can be described using Michaelis-Mentin kinetics. Assume the following pharmacokinetic parameters for phenytoin after oral administration: V = 45 L, Km = 4 mg/L, Vm = 20 mg/hr, ka = 1 hr-1, F = 1

A drug that follows a two-compartment model has the following pharmacokinetic microconstants: k10 = 0.5 hr-1, k12 = 1 hr-1, k21 = 2 hr-1, V1 = 25 L.

Compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of two drugs after intravenous bolus injection and after constant rate infusion. Both drugs have a clearance of 20 L/hr, and volumes of distribution of V1 = 50 L and V2 = 100 L.

A drug that follows a two-compartment model (CL = 80 L/hr, V1 = 50 L, V2 = 200 L, k21 = 0.6 hr-1) is given orally at a dose of 400 mg in to different dosage forms. Tablet A has a rapid drug release and absorption (ka = 3 hr-1).

(1) Compare the concentration-effect relationships for two drugs with Hill factors of ?=1 and C50 values of 10 and 100 mg/L. (2) Compare the concentration-effect relationship for two drugs with the same C50 value (10 mg/L) and Hill factors of ?=1 and ?=2.

A drug (400 mg) is given as an intravenous bolus. The clearance is 10 L/hr and the volume of distribution is 50 L. Assume a one-compartment body model.

A hepatically eliminated drug (400 mg) is given as an intravenous bolus. The intrinsic clearance (CLint) is 200 L/hr. Liver blood flow is 90 L/hr, and plasma and tissue water volumes are 3 L and 39 L, respectively. Both plasma protein binding and tissue binding are 90%.

A hepatically cleared high-extraction drug (800 mg) is given as an intravenous bolus. The intrinsic clearance is 4000 L/hr and the protein binding in plasma and tissues is 80%. Assume blood and tissue water volumes of 5 and 39 L and a liver blood flow of 90 L/hr.

A drug (400 mg) is given as an oral tablet. The drug is completely absorbed. The clearance is 15 L/hr and the volume of distribution is 40 L. The absorption rate constant is 2.5 hr-1.

A hepatically cleared high-extraction drug (400 mg) is given as an oral tablet. The absorption is very rapid and approximates a bolus input. The intrinsic clearance is 5000 L/hr and the plasma protein and tissue binding are 80% and 98%, respectively. Assume blood and tissue water volumes of 5 and 39 L and a liver blood flow of 90 L/hr.

A drug with CL = 20 L/hr and V = 50 L is given orally to two different patients A and B. The dose of 400 mg is completely absorbed, however A takes the tablet with a meal (ka = 0.1 hr-1) whereas B takes it on an empty stomach (ka = 0.5 hr-1). Furthermore, A is more sensitive to the drug (C50 of 5 mg/L vs. 10 mg/L for B).

Theophylline has an average clearance of 2.8 L/hr and volume of distribution of 35 L. The therapeutic window is known to be between 10 mg/L and 20 mg/L. Immediate release oral theophylline products have a rapid absorption (ka = 3 hr-1).